Communalism meaning in sociology

• Communalism refers to aggressive chauvinism based on religious identity. Chauvinism is itself an attitude that sees one’s own group as the only legitimate or worthy group, with other groups being seen as inferior, illegitimate and opposed. • Communalism is an aggressive political ideology linked to religion. • This is a peculiarly Indian or South Asian meaning which is different from the ordinary English word. • In the English language, ‘communal’ means something related to a community or collectivity as different from an individual. The English meaning is neutral, whereas the South Asian meaning is strongly charged. • Communalism is about politics not about religion. Although, communalists are intensely involved with religion, there is no necessary relationship between personal belief and communalism. A communalist may or may not be a devout person, and devout persons may or may not be communalists. • Communalists cultivate an aggressive political identity and are prepared to condemn or attack everyone who does not share their identity. • One of the most important features of communalism is that religious identity overrides everything else, it also, constructs large and diverse groups as singular and homogenous. • Examples of communal riots in our country- Anti Sikh riots of 1984; the Gujarat riots. • But, India also has a long tradition of religious pluralism, ranging from peaceful co-existence to actual mixing or syncretism. This syncretic heritage is reflected in the...

Communalism is a political philosophy which advocates followers of a particular religion to have political allegiance to their own religious community. As a matter of fact, a person’s mere affiliation to the social, cultural and service aspects of a religious community would not amount to communalism. Communalism preaches the followers of a particular religion to have hatred against the followers of other religious communities. It assumes that the followers of a particular religion will have common interests that differ from other religions. In essence, communalism is opposed to secularism and even humanism. However, in the western world communalism is defined differently. According to socialist Murray Bookchin, communalism is “ a theory or system of government in which independent communities participate in a federation.” Simply put, in the western world, communalism proposes to abolish market and money and places land and enterprise in the custody of a community. But, in the context of Indian sub-continent, the term communalism is associated with tensions between various religious communities. Communalism is an ideology which is considered unique not only to south Asia but is also found in other continents such as Africa, America, Europe, Australia, and other parts of Asia. In fact, development of communalism is believed to have its roots in the ethnic and cultural diversity of Africa. Communalism is often regarded as a modern phenomenon which is the result of the modern...

Definition of Fundamentalism Fundamentalism is a concept that exists in various religions, including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, and Sikhism, though its prevalence and impact differ based on historical and geographical contexts and the structures of individual religions. In essence, fundamentalism refers to the belief in returning to the core tenets of a religion and adhering to its original texts and teachings without any interpretation or debate. • Fundamentalists believe that these original texts are the actual words of God, and therefore their meaning is clear, unambiguous, and unchangeable. This leads them to reject any later developments, interpretations, or adaptations of these texts. For instance, Christian fundamentalists view the Old and New Testaments as God's immutable words, while Muslim fundamentalists consider the Quran and the Sunnah as such. Similarly, some Hindus and Sikhs regard the Vedas and the Gurbani, respectively, as the ultimate divine words. • Furthermore, fundamentalists assert that all aspects of life should be governed by the true, revealed religion as embodied in the original texts. This includes society, economy, politics, culture, law, and personal life. They believe that religion is not just a personal, spiritual aspect of life, but rather a divine path that should guide all aspects of individual and collective life. As a result, they reject the pluralist principle of "many Gods, many moralities, many laws." Fundamentalism is a ...

Table of Contents • • • • • • • • What exactly is communalism? Communalism is a political philosophy and economic system that integrates communal ownership and confederations of highly localized independent communities. In particular, earlier communities and movements advocating such practices were often described as “anarchist”, “communist” or “socialist”. What is the most common expression of communalism? everyday beliefs Communalism can take various forms in politics: ● The most common expression of communalism is in everyday beliefs. These routinely involve religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other religions. What are the three forms of communalism? 1 Answer • Communalism can take various forms in the Indian politics: • (i) The most common expression of communalism is in everyday life. • (ii) All the communities of the world have a quest for political dominance of one’s own religious community. • (iii) Political mobilisation is another frequent form of communalism. What is communalism in one word answer? Definition of communalism 1 : social organization on a communal basis. 2 : loyalty to a sociopolitical grouping based on religious or ethnic affiliation. Other Words from communalism Example Sentences Learn More About communalism. What are the types of communalism? Types of Communalism – Facts for UPSC • Political Communalism. • Social Communalism. • Economic Communalism. What is the ugliest fo...

Communalism – Writing Activity Imagine you are a British colonial official in India in 1858. You've just experienced the Revolt of 1857, which witnessed collaboration between India's Hindu and Muslim populations. You fear that Britain may lose control over its profitable colony of India. You meet with a group of Muslim leaders to express your concerns. They are expressing a strong nationalist stance and demand the British leave their country. Write them a 2-3 paragraph letter explaining why they should fear other groups, especially the Hindu. Your letter should stress that since Hindus outnumbered Muslims, they should fear Hindu power, especially when it comes to their economic and religious interests. Discussion Activity With your classmates discuss the key concepts of communalism. While communalism can have negative consequences, does it possess any positive qualities? Why or why not? Beyond what you learned in this lesson about communalism in 19th century India, can you think of any instances of communalism in the present day? This could be religious or secular communalism. What consequences does that communalism have for the broader society? The goal of this discussion is to grapple with the characteristics of communalism, its manifestations in our society. Additional Questions to Consider: What is the definition of communalism? • Answer: Communalism is the shared belief within a particular culture that promotes religious and secular isolation from another group. Why d...

Addressing a conference on freedom and peace, sponsored by the South Asian Free Media Association (Safma) and supported by half a dozen parties and organisations of the Left here on Friday, the speakers expressed their concern over the wider ramifications of Hindu communalism and fascism in India, which has endangered not only India's republican character as envisioned by Gandhi and Nehru, but also posed a serious threat to peace and security of the region.

This article includes a list of general it lacks sufficient corresponding Please help to ( April 2023) ( In 1942, Mertonian norms: "four sets of institutional imperatives taken to comprise the The Sociology of Science, elaborated on these principles at "the heart of the Mertonian paradigm—the powerful juxtaposition of the normative structure of science with its institutionally distinctive reward system". Description and motivation [ ] Merton defines this 'ethos' with reference to La Morale de la Science, which "abandons description and analysis for morale] does not have its theoreticians, but it has its artisans. It does not express its ideals, but serves them: it is implicated in the very existence of science'. The norms are expressed in the form of prescriptions, proscriptions, preferences, and permissions. They are legitimatized in terms of institutional values. These imperatives , transmitted by precept and example and reenforced by sanctions are in varying degrees internalized by the scientist, thus fashioning his scientific conscience or, if one prefers the latter-day phrase, his super-ego… [This scientific ethos] can be inferred from the moral consensus of scientists as expressed in use and wont, in countless writings on the scientific spirit and in moral indignation directed toward contraventions of the ethos. An examination of the ethos of modern science is only a limited introduction to a larger problem: the comparative study of the institutional structure of sci...

What is the difference between communism and socialism? English speakers generally use the word communism to talk about political and economic ideologies that find their origin in Karl Marx’s theory of revolutionary socialism, which advocates a proletariat overthrow of capitalist structures within a society; societal and communal ownership and governance of the means of production; and the eventual establishment of a classless society. The most well-known expression of Marx’s theories is the 20th-century Bolshevism of the U.S.S.R., in which the state, through a single authoritarian party, controlled a society’s economic and social activities with the goal of realizing Marx’s theories. Socialism refers to a system of social organization in which private property and the distribution of income are subject to social control. The conception of that control has varied significantly over time. In the modern era, "pure" socialism has been seen only rarely and usually briefly in a few Communist regimes. What exactly is communism? When it was first used in the mid-19th century, communism referred to an economic and political theory that advocated the elimination of private property and the common sharing of all resources among a group of people; in this use, it was often used interchangeably with the word socialism. Today, the word communism usually refers to the political and economic ideologies originating from Karl Marx's theory of revolutionary socialism, which advocates a prol...